Analysis
The Siemens and CDU slush funds
The SEC documented at least 4,283 corrupt payments by Siemens worth about $1.4 billion. In Germany, foreign bribes were also tax-deductible under certain conditions until the end of the 1990s.
Key findings
The SEC documented at least 4,283 corrupt payments by Siemens worth about $1.4 billion. In Germany, foreign bribes were also tax-deductible under certain conditions until the end of the 1990s.
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Explanation
According to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), German company Siemens created an extensive system of secret payments and slush funds. Employees withdrew cash from company “cash desks”, money was sometimes carried across borders in suitcases, and approvals were written on Post-it notes that were later removed so that no record remained. The SEC identified at least 4,283 corrupt payments worth approximately $1.4 billion that Siemens used to win business around the world. Even more striking was the German tax system at the time. The OECD notes that foreign bribes validly claimed in Germany as tax-deductible expenses for 1998 no longer had to be deductible in 1999. In other words, at the end of the 1990s a German company could, under certain conditions, pay a bribe abroad and treat it as a business expense. Slush funds were not limited to companies. According to the German Bundestag, Helmut Kohl admitted in 1999 that under his leadership the CDU had secret accounts and concealed financial flows. Between 1993 and 1998 he received a total of 2.1 million German marks in cash from anonymous donors and refused to disclose their names. The investigation later found a number of additional CDU accounts that did not appear in the party’s official accounts. These documents do not in themselves prove that Siemens or the CDU bribed Czech politicians during Czech privatisation. They do show, however, how simplistic it is to imagine corrupt post-communist politicians on one side and perfectly clean Western capital on the other.
Ještě absurdnější byl tehdejší německý daňový systém. OECD uvádí, že zahraniční úplatky, které byly v Německu platně uplatněny jako daňově odčitatelný náklad za rok 1998, už nemusely být uznatelné za rok 1999. Jinými slovy: ještě na konci 90. let mohl německý podnik za určitých podmínek zaplatit úplatek v zahraničí a dát si ho do nákladů.
A černé pokladny nebyly jen záležitostí firem. Podle německého Bundestagu Helmut Kohl v roce 1999 přiznal, že za jeho vedení CDU existovaly černé účty a skryté finanční toky. Mezi lety 1993 a 1998 dostal od anonymních dárců celkem 2,1 milionu německých marek v hotovosti a odmítl zveřejnit jejich jména. Vyšetřování později zjistilo řadu dalších účtů CDU, které se vůbec neobjevovaly v oficiálním stranickém účetnictví.
Tyto dokumenty samy o sobě nedokazují, že Siemens nebo CDU upláceli české politiky při české privatizaci. Ukazují ale, jak naivní je představa, že na jedné straně stáli zkorumpovaní postkomunističtí politici a na druhé dokonale čistý západní kapitál.
